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  • 1. Anderson, L. G.
    et al.
    Tanhua, T.
    Bjork, G.
    Hjalmarsson, S.
    Jones, E. P.
    Jutterstrom, S.
    Rudels, B.
    Swift, J. H.
    Wahlstom, I.
    Arctic ocean shelf-basin interaction: An active continental shelf CO2 pump and its impact on the degree of calcium carbonate solubility2010Ingår i: Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, ISSN 0967-0637, E-ISSN 1879-0119, Vol. 57, nr 7, s. 869-879Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    The Arctic Ocean has wide shelf areas with extensive biological activity including a high primary productivity and an active microbial loop within the surface sediment. This in combination with brine production during sea ice formation result in the decay products exiting from the shelf into the deep basin typically at a depth of about 150 m and over a wide salinity range centered around S similar to 33. We present data from the Beringia cruise in 2005 along a section in the Canada Basin from the continental margin north of Alaska towards the north and from the International Siberian Shelf Study in 2008 (ISSS-08) to illustrate the impact of these processes. The water rich in decay products, nutrients and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), exits the shelf not only from the Chukchi Sea, as has been shown earlier, but also from the East Siberian Sea. The excess of DIC found in the Canada Basin in a depth range of about 50-250 m amounts to 90 +/- 40 g C m(-2). If this excess is integrated over the whole Canadian Basin the excess equals 320 +/- 140 x 10(12) g C. The high DIC concentration layer also has low pH and consequently a low degree of calcium carbonate saturation, with minimum aragonite values of 60% saturation and calcite values just below saturation. The mean age of the waters in the top 300 m was calculated using the transit time distribution method. By applying a future exponential increase of atmospheric CO2 the invasion of anthropogenic carbon into these waters will result in an under-saturated surface water with respect to aragonite by the year 2050, even without any freshening caused by melting sea ice or increased river discharge. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  • 2. Bjork, Goran
    et al.
    Jakobsson, Martin
    Rudes, Bert
    Swift, James H.
    Anderson, Leif
    Darby, Dennis A.
    Backman, Jan
    Coakley, Bernard
    Winsor, Peter
    Polyak, Leonid
    Edwards, Margo
    Bathymetry and deep-water exchange across the central Lomonosov Ridge at 88-89 degrees N2007Ingår i: Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, ISSN 0967-0637, E-ISSN 1879-0119, Vol. 54, nr 8, s. 1197-1208Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Seafloor mapping of the central Lomonosov Ridge using a multibeam echo-sounder during the Beringia/Healy-Oden Trans-Arctic Expedition (HOTRAX) 2005 shows that a channel across the ridge has a substantially shallower sill depth than the similar to 2500 m indicated in present bathymetric maps. The multibeam survey along the ridge crest shows a maximum sill depth of about 1870 m. A previously hypothesized exchange of deep water from the Amundsen Basin to the Makarov Basin in this area is not confirmed. On the contrary, evidence of a deep-water flow from the Makarov to the Amundsen Basin was observed, indicating the existence of a new pathway for Canadian Basin Deep Water toward the Atlantic Ocean. Sediment data show extensive current activity along the ridge crest and along the rim of a local Intra Basin within the ridge structure.(c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  • 3. Bjork, Goran
    et al.
    Winsor, Peter
    The deep waters of the Eurasian Basin, Arctic Ocean: Geothermal heat flow, mixing and renewal2006Ingår i: Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, ISSN 0967-0637, E-ISSN 1879-0119, Vol. 53, nr 7, s. 1253-1271Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Hydrographic observations from four separate expeditions to the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean between 1991 and 2001 show a 300-700 m thick homogenous bottom layer. The layer is characterized by slightly warmer temperature compared to ambient, overlying water masses, with a mean layer thickness of 500 +/- 100 m and a temperature surplus of 7.0 +/- 2 x 10(-3) degrees C. The layer is present in the deep central parts of the Nansen and Amundsen Basins away from continental slopes and ocean ridges and is spatially coherent across the interior parts of the deep basins. Here we show that the layer is most likely formed by convection induced by geothermal heat supplied from Earth’s interior. Data from 1991 to 1996 indicate that the layer was in a quasi steady state where the geothermal heat supply was balanced by heat exchange with a colder boundary. After 1996 there is evidence of a reformation of the layer in the Amundsen Basin after a water exchange. Simple numerical calculations show that it is possible to generate a layer similar to the one observed in 2001 in 4-5 years, starting from initial profiles with no warm homogeneous bottom layer. Limited hydrographic observations from 2001 indicate that the entire deep-water column in the Amundsen Basin is warmer compared to earlier years. We argue that this is due to a major deep-water renewal that occurred between 1996 and 2001. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  • 4. Björk, G.
    et al.
    Anderson, L. G.
    Jakobsson, M.
    Antony, D.
    Eriksson, B.
    Eriksson, P. B.
    Hell, B.
    Hjalmarsson, S.
    Janzen, T.
    Jutterström, S.
    Linders, J.
    Löwemark, L.
    Marcussen, C.
    Anders Olsson, K.
    Rudels, B.
    Sellén, E.
    Sølvsten, M.
    Flow of Canadian basin deep water in the Western Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean2010Ingår i: Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, ISSN 0967-0637, E-ISSN 1879-0119, Vol. 57, nr 4, s. 577-586Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    The LOMROG 2007 expedition targeted the previously unexplored southern part of the Lomonosov Ridge north of Greenland together with a section from the Morris Jesup Rise to Gakkel Ridge. The oceanographic data show that Canadian Basin Deep Water (CBDW) passes the Lomonosov Ridge in the area of the Intra Basin close to the North Pole and then continues along the ridge towards Greenland and further along its northernmost continental slope. The CBDW is clearly evident as a salinity maximum and oxygen minimum at a depth of about 2000 m. The cross-slope sections at the Amundsen Basin side of the Lomonosov Ridge and further south at the Morris Jesup Rise show a sharp frontal structure higher up in the water column between Makarov Basin water and Amundsen Basin water. The frontal structure continues upward into the Atlantic Water up to a depth of about 300 m. The observed water mass division at levels well above the ridge crest indicates a strong topographic steering of the flow and that different water masses tend to pass the ridge guided by ridge-crossing isobaths at local topographic heights and depressions. A rough scaling analysis shows that the extremely steep and sharply turning bathymetry of the Morris Jesup Rise may force the boundary current to separate and generate deep eddies. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

  • 5. Fogelqvist, E.
    et al.
    Blindheim, J.
    Tanhua, Toste
    Buch, E.
    Österhus, S.
    Greenland-Scotland overflow studied by hydrochemical multivariate analysis2003Ingår i: Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, ISSN 0967-0637, E-ISSN 1879-0119, Vol. 50, nr 1, s. 73-102Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]
    Hydrographic, nutrient and halocarbon tracer data collected in July-August 1994 in the Norwegian Sea, the Faroe Bank Channel (FBC), the Iceland and Irminger Basins and the Iceland Sea are resented. Special attention was given to the overflow waters over the Iceland-Scotland Ridge ISOW). The Iceland-Scottland overflow water ISOW) was identified along its pathway in the Iceland Basin, and entrainment of overlying water asses was quantified by multivariate analysis (MVA) using principal component analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Square (PLS) calibration. It was concluded that the deeper portion of the ISOW in the FBC was a mixture of about equal parts of Norwegian Sea Deep Water (NSDW) and Norwegian Sea Arctic Intermediate Water (NSAIW). The mixing development of ISOW during its descent in the Iceland Basin was analysed in three sections across the plume. In the southern section at 61˚N, where the ISOW core was observed at 2300 m depth, the fraction of waters originating north of the ridge was assessed to be 54%. MVA assessed the fractional composition of the ISOW to be 21% NSDW, 22% NSAIW, 18% Northeast Atlantic Water (NEAW), 11% Modified East Icelandic Water, 25% Labrador Sea Water (LSW) and 3% North East Atlantic Deep Water. It may be noted that the fraction of NEAW is of the same volume as the NSDW. On its further path around the Reykjanes Ridge, the ISOW mixed mainly with LSW, and at 63˚N in the Irminger Basin, it was warmer and fresher (θ=2.8°C and S=34.92) than at 61°N east of the ridge (θ=2.37°C and S=34.97). The most intensive mixing occurred immediately west of the FBC, probably due to high velocity of the overflow plume through the channel, where annual velocity means exceeded 1.1 msˉ¹. This resulted in shear instabilities towards the overlying Atlantic waters and cross-stream velocities exceeding 0.3 msˉ¹ in the bottom boundary layer. The role of NSAIW as a component of ISOW is increasing. Being largely a product of winter convection in the Greenland Sea when no Greenland Sea Deep Water (GSDW) is formed, it spreads above the older and denser deep water in the Nordic Seas. Little or no GSDW, which earlier was considered to be the principal overflow water, has been formed since 1970. This shows that the Iceland-Scotland overflow may also be maintained with intermediate waters as the principal overflowing component. Decadal variability in ISOW properties has not been insignificant, as since the early 1960s there has been a decrease in salinity and temperature, by 0.06 and up to 0.5°C, respectively. Such a trend applies also to the LSW, particularly in the Irminger Basin, where it was warmer, saltier and less dense in the late 1950s and early 1960s (θ≈3.5˚C, S≈34.9,σ1.5≈34.64 kgmˉ³) than in 1994 (θ≈2.9˚C, S≈34.86,σ1.5≈34.69 kgmˉ³)CFC tracers were used to assign apparent ages of water masses, showing that the NSDW had an apparent age of about 30 years and that the age of Iceland Sea Deep Water exceeded 25 years. NSAIW observed in the southern Norwegian Sea was estimated to be 6-16 years old. An upper age limit of LSW in the Iceland Basin was found to be 18-19 years. It was further concluded that the products of the onset of intense wintertime convection in the Labrador Sea in the late 1980s were not yet observed in the northern central part of the Iceland Basin. The LSW in the Irminger Basin was found to be significantly younger. Two layers were found there. A shallower layer at a depth of 1000-1500 m depth was older than the layer beneath by about 4 years, while the deeper layer at 1500-1800 m depth was assessed at an apparent age ranging between less than 1 (formed during the previous winter) and 4 years.
  • 6. Gustafsson, Orjan
    et al.
    Andersson, Per S.
    Th-234-derived surface export fluxes of POC from the Northern Barents Sea and the Eurasian sector of the Central Arctic Ocean2012Ingår i: Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, ISSN 0967-0637, E-ISSN 1879-0119, Vol. 68, s. 1-11Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Settling-based surface ocean export of particulate organic carbon (POC) in the western Eurasian sector of the Arctic Ocean was investigated from the marginal ice zone (MIZ) of the northern Barents Sea to the North Pole area. Upper ocean profiles of POC were combined with corresponding dissolved and particulate Th-234 activities measured with a low-volume at-sea direct beta counting protocol to constrain the Th-234-derived POC export in July and August of 2001 to 6-32 mmol m(-2) d(-1) for the Barents Sea MIZ dropping to 2-6 mmol m(-2) d(-1) for multi-year-ice (MYI) covered central Arctic stations in Nansen, Amundsen and Makarov basins. Secular equilibrium between Th-234 and U-238 activities in intermediate to deep waters in the Amundsen Basin (n=10) demonstrated that the at-sea measurement protocol was functioning satisfactorily. There was no distinction in POC export efficiency between the MIZ and the MYI-covered interior basins with an average ratio between Th-234-derived POC export and primary production (so-called ThE ratio) of 44%. A projected increase in primary production with retreat in areal extent of sea ice is thus likely to yield increased POC sequestration in the Arctic Ocean interior. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  • 7. Kanhai, La Daana K.
    et al.
    Johansson, Carina
    Frias, J. P. G. L.
    Gardfeldt, Katarina
    Thompson, Richard C.
    O’Connor, Ian
    Deep sea sediments of the Arctic Central Basin: A potential sink for microplastics2019Ingår i: Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, ISSN 0967-0637, E-ISSN 1879-0119, Vol. 145, s. 137-142Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Deep sea sediments have emerged as a potential sink for microplastics in the marine environment. The discovery of microplastics in various environmental compartments of the Arctic Central Basin (ACB) suggested that these contaminants were potentially being transported to the deep-sea realm of this oceanic basin. For the first time, the present study conducted a preliminary assessment to determine whether microplastics were present in surficial sediments from the ACB. Gravity and piston corers were used to retrieve sediments from depths of 855–4353 m at 11 sites in the ACB during the Arctic Ocean 2016 (AO16) expedition. Surficial sediments from the various cores were subjected to density flotation with sodium tungstate dihydrate solution (Na2WO4·2H2O, density 1.4 g cm−3). Potential microplastics were isolated and analysed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Of the surficial samples, 7 of the 11 samples contained synthetic polymers which included polyester (n = 3), polystyrene (n = 2), polyacrylonitrile (n = 1), polypropylene (n = 1), polyvinyl chloride (n = 1) and polyamide (n = 1). Fibres (n = 5) and fragments (n = 4) were recorded in the samples. In order to avoid mis-interpretation, these findings must be taken in the context that (i) sampling equipment did not guarantee retrieval of undisturbed surficial sediments, (ii) low sample volumes were analysed (~10 g per site), (iii) replicate sediment samples per site was not possible, (iv) no air contamination checks were included during sampling and, (v) particles <100 µm were automatically excluded from analysis. While the present study provides preliminary indication that microplastics may be accumulating in the deep-sea realm of the ACB, further work is necessary to assess microplastic abundance, distribution and composition in surficial sediments of the ACB.

  • 8. Olsson, K A
    et al.
    Jeansson, E
    Anderson, L G
    Hansen, B
    Eldevik, T
    Kristiansen, R
    Messias, M J
    Johannessen, T
    Watson, A J
    Intermediate water from the Greenland Sea in the Faroe Bank Channel: spreading of released sulphur hexafluoride2005Ingår i: Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, ISSN 0967-0637, E-ISSN 1879-0119, Vol. 52, nr 2, s. 279-294Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    The Faroe Bank Channel is the deepest passage for dense water leaving the Nordic Seas into the North Atlantic. The contribution to this part of the Greenland-Scotland Overflow by intermediate water from the Greenland Sea is investigated by the tracer sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) that was released into the central Greenland Sea in summer 1996. Continuous monitoring has since traced it around the Nordic Seas and into the connecting areas. It was observed for the first time close to the Faroe Islands in early 1999, indicating a transport time from the Greenland Sea of around 2.5 years. This study estimates that approximately 16 kg of SF6 had passed the Faroe Bank Channel by the end of 2002, that is 5% of the total amount released. Both the arrival time and the amount of exported SF6 deduced from the observations are consistent with the results from a numerical ocean model simulating the tracer release and spreading. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  • 9. Verdugo, Josefa
    et al.
    Damm, Ellen
    Snoeijs, Pauline
    Díez, Beatriz
    Farías, Laura
    Climate relevant trace gases (N2O and CH4) in the Eurasian Basin (Arctic Ocean)2016Ingår i: Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, ISSN 0967-0637, E-ISSN 1879-0119, Vol. 117, s. 84-94Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Abstract The concentration of greenhouse gases, including nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), and compounds such as total dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSPt), along with other oceanographic variables were measured in the ice-covered Arctic Ocean within the Eurasian Basin (EAB). The EAB is affected by the perennial ice-pack and has seasonal microalgal blooms, which in turn may stimulate microbes involved in trace gas cycling. Data collection was carried out on board the LOMROG III cruise during the boreal summer of 2012. Water samples were collected from the surface to the bottom layer (reaching 4300 m depth) along a South-North transect (SNT), from 82.19°N, 8.75°E to 89.26°N, 58.84°W, crossing the EAB through the Nansen and Amundsen Basins. The Polar Mixed Layer and halocline waters along the SNT showed a heterogeneous distribution of N2O, CH4 and DMSPt, fluctuating between 42-111 and 27–649% saturation for N2O and CH4, respectively; and from 3.5 to 58.9 nmol L−1 for DMSPt. Spatial patterns revealed that while CH4 and DMSPt peaked in the Nansen Basin, N2O was higher in the Amundsen Basin. In the Atlantic Intermediate Water and Arctic Deep Water N2O and CH4 distributions were also heterogeneous with saturations between 52% and 106% and 28% and 340%, respectively. Remarkably, the Amundsen Basin contained less CH4 than the Nansen Basin and while both basins were mostly under-saturated in N2O. We propose that part of the CH4 and N2O may be microbiologically consumed via methanotrophy, denitrification, or even diazotrophy, as intermediate and deep waters move throughout EAB associated with the overturning water mass circulation. This study contributes to baseline information on gas distribution in a region that is increasingly subject to rapid environmental changes, and that has an important role on global ocean circulation and climate regulation.

  • 10. Verdugo, Josefa
    et al.
    Damm, Ellen
    Snoeijs, Pauline
    Díez, Beatriz
    Farías, Laura
    Climate relevant trace gases (N2O and CH4) in the Eurasian Basin (Arctic Ocean)2016Ingår i: Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, ISSN 0967-0637, E-ISSN 1879-0119, Vol. 117, s. 84-94Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    The concentration of greenhouse gases, including nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), and compounds such as total dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSPt), along with other oceanographic variables were measured in the ice-covered Arctic Ocean within the Eurasian Basin (EAB). The EAB is affected by the perennial ice-pack and has seasonal microalgal blooms, which in turn may stimulate microbes involved in trace gas cycling. Data collection was carried out on board the LOMROG III cruise during the boreal summer of 2012. Water samples were collected from the surface to the bottom layer (reaching 4300m depth) along a South-North transect (SNT), from 82.19°N, 8.75°E to 89.26°N, 58.84°W, crossing the EAB through the Nansen and Amundsen Basins. The Polar Mixed Layer and halocline waters along the SNT showed a heterogeneous distribution of N2O, CH4 and DMSPt, fluctuating between 42-111 and 27–649% saturation for N2O and CH4, respectively; and from 3.5 to 58.9nmol L−1 for DMSPt. Spatial patterns revealed that while CH4 and DMSPt peaked in the Nansen Basin, N2O was higher in the Amundsen Basin. In the Atlantic Intermediate Water and Arctic Deep Water N2O and CH4 distributions were also heterogeneous with saturations between 52% and 106% and 28% and 340%, respectively. Remarkably, the Amundsen Basin contained less CH4 than the Nansen Basin and while both basins were mostly under-saturated in N2O. We propose that part of the CH4 and N2O may be microbiologically consumed via methanotrophy, denitrification, or even diazotrophy, as intermediate and deep waters move throughout EAB associated with the overturning water mass circulation. This study contributes to baseline information on gas distribution in a region that is increasingly subject to rapid environmental changes, and that has an important role on global ocean circulation and climate regulation.

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