The last decade of geophysical seafloor mapping in the Arctic Ocean from nuclear submarines and icebreakers reveals a wide variety of glaciogenic geomorphic features at water depths reaching 1000 m. These findings provide new and intriguing insights into the Quaternary glacial history of the Northern Hemisphere. Here we integrate multi- and single beam bathymetric data, chirp sonar profiles and sidescan images from the Chukchi Borderland and Lomonosov Ridge to perform a comparative morphological seafloor study. This investigation aims to elucidate the nature and provenance of ice masses that impacted the Arctic Ocean sea floor during the Quaternary. Mapped glaciogenic bedforms include iceberg keel scours, most abundant at water depths shallower than ~350–400 m, flutes and megascale glacial lineations extending as deep as ~1000 m below the present sea level, small drumlinlike features and morainic ridges and grounding-zone wedges. The combination of these features indicates that very large glacial ice masses extended into the central Arctic Ocean from surrounding North American and Eurasian ice sheets several times during the Quaternary. Ice shelves occupied large parts of the Arctic Ocean during glacial maxima and ice rises were formed over the Chukchi Borderland and portions of the Lomonosov Ridge. More geophysical and sediment core data combined with modeling experiments are needed to reconstruct the timing and patterns of these events.